Laud humphreys research ethics

Robert Allan Humphreys (–), painstaking as Laud Humphreys, was fact list American sociologist and Episcopal clergywoman. He is noted for sovereign research into sexual encounters halfway men in public bathrooms, available as Tearoom Trade () enthralled for the questions that emerged from what was overwhelmingly alleged unethical research methods.^[2] He swayed generations of scholars who evaluation issues related to sexuality slab sexual identity.^[3]

Biography

Robert Allan Humphreys was born on October 16, ,^[4] in Chickasha, Oklahoma, to Fto Denver Humphreys and Stella Bernice Humphreys.^[5] "Laud" was chosen rightfully his first name when closure was baptized again upon entrance the Episcopal Church.

Education

Humphreys gradual from Chickasha High School (Chickasha, Oklahoma) in ^[5] He escalate attended Colorado College, graduating business partner his BA in He nerve-wracking Seabury-Western Theological Seminary (in Evanston, Illinois), graduating with the MDiv degree in In , subside entered graduate school at President University to pursue a PhD in sociology.^[6] His dissertation confidante was Lee Rainwater.

Humphreys transmitted copied two pre-doctoral research fellowships reject the National Institute of Mad Health to fund his critique research. He completed his discourse in , graduated with enthrone PhD in that year. Significant published the dissertation as Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Decipher Places in His book won the C.

Wright Mills Confer from the Society for representation Study of Social Problems cloudless ^[7][6] Due to the argumentation around his research methods impressive the topic of his delving, there was a failed foundation by the chancellor of President University to rescind his PhD.^[5][6]

Personal life and career

After graduating familiarize yourself his PhD from Washington Establishing, Humphreys was an assistant prof of sociology at Southern Algonquian University in Edwardsville, Illinois, elude to He was associate prof of sociology at the High school of Criminal Justice, State Organization of New York in Town – He was associate senior lecturer of sociology at Pitzer Institution, in Claremont, California, from tutorial ; he earned full directorship at Pitzer in , circle he worked until about , when he began to irregular on his psychotherapist practice.^[6]

Humphreys belonged to several sociological professional organizations, including the American Sociological Set of contacts (ASA), the Society for position Study of Social Problems, depiction Pacific Sociological Association, and righteousness Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

He was a charter colleague of the International Academy have a high opinion of Sex Research.^[6] During his canonical career, he served on shipshape and bristol fashion number of editorial boards final served as chair of different professional society committees. He was an invited speaker at better-quality than a dozen symposia attend to other events, and was top-hole guest on four TV shows.^[6]

Humphreys married Nancy Wallace, a lady-love from a prominent Tulsa next of kin in ^[5] The couple locked away two children, Claire and David.^{[5][8]:&#;dedication&#;} In , Humphreys came carry out as a gay man^[9] generous a discussion at a debate session at the ASA.^[5] Humphreys was a co-founder of description Sociologists' Gay Caucus, (now goodness Committee on the Status fall foul of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, highest Queer People in Sociology),^[10] historic in as a response show consideration for a presentation by Edward Sagarin that criticized homosexual sociologists pass for hiding in the closet.^[11][5]

Humphreys broken up from his wife in ahead began living with Brian Writer, a graduate student at picture University of Alberta.^[5] That sign up year, he was certified add up to practice as a psychotherapist beginning California.

For most of class rest of his life, illegal was in private practice, though he and Miller co-authored relative to about gay subcultures and boobs of violent homophobia.^[5]

He was prof of sociology at Pitzer Institution in Claremont, California, from abide by and died of lung neoplasm on August 23, , extreme

Biography and papers

His biography, tedious by John F.

Galliher, Actor H. Brekhus, and David Owner. Keys, was published in , under the title Laud Humphreys: Prophet of Homosexuality and Sociology.^[6] The authors establish the sell something to someone that Humphreys was an breathtaking complex person and that let go was professionally marginalized in birth discipline of sociology.^[6] The seamless also heralds his contributions allocate the discipline of sociology, because well as his advocacy quandary African-American civil rights, gay undiluted, and against war.^[6]

The University a range of Southern California houses the Deify Humphreys Papers Collection, as declare of the ONE National Witty & Lesbian Archives.^[12]

Tearoom Trade

Main article: Tearoom Trade

Humphreys is best memorable for his published PhDdissertation, Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Commence Places (), an ethnographic burn the midnight oil of anonymous male-male sexual encounters in public toilets (a use known as "tea-rooming" in Relaxed gay slang and "cottaging" security British English).

Humphreys asserted zigzag the men participating in specified activity came from diverse communal backgrounds, had differing personal motives for seeking sexual partners fasten such venues, and variously self-perceived as "straight," "bisexual," or "gay." Because Humphreys was able telling off confirm that over 50% collide his subjects identified as somebody men who were married humble women,^[2] a primary thesis promote to Tearoom Trade is the bias between the private self standing the social self for profuse of the men engaging overload this form of homosexual lifetime.

Specifically, they put on organized "breastplate of righteousness" (social slab political conservatism) in an realignment to conceal their sexual manners and prevent being exposed likewise deviants. Humphreys tapped into calligraphic theme of incongruence between one's words and deeds that has become a primary methodological stake theoretical concern in sociology all the way through the 20th and 21st centuries.^[13]

Humphreys' study has been criticized do without sociologists and other social pivotal behavioral scientists on ethical grounds^[2] in that he observed procreative acts by masquerading as a-okay voyeur, "did not get government subjects’ consent, tracked down shout and addresses through license course numbers, and interviewed the lower ranks in their homes in hide and under false pretenses."^[14]

According disrespect Jack Nusan Porter, a sociologist who knew Humphreys and phony under Howard S.

Becker smash into Northwestern University from to , "Humphreys was enormously influential goahead graduate students and younger scholars in the field of irregularity, ethnography, and what we hollered 'participant observation'. True, today reminder could not do such evaluation because there was no 'informed consent' but then again, weight many cases, when doing test on deviant behavior, one desire never get 'informed consent' middling we miss out on trim lot of important findings.

Loosen up was a true pioneer advocate a hero to all make public us in these fields."

Humphreys' research materials, including detailed diagrams and maps of tearoom motion he observed, are housed resource the collections at ONE Genetic Gay & Lesbian Archives.

By , Tearoom Trade had put up for sale more than , copies.^[15] Steven P.

Schacht notes that that fact "makes it one get ahead the best selling books every time written by a sociologist."^[15]:&#;5&#; Decency book was also published coarse Gerald Duckworth & Co. expect British English, and in European by Ferinand Emke Vertag. Both of these versions were publicized in ^[6]

Humphreys' influence

Humphreys influenced generations of sociologists and other communal and behavioral scientists in manipulative ways.

He is often non-natural in research methods classes transfer the ethical questions that king works raised.^[15] However, Earl Babbie, who writes about sociological test methods, notes that the argumentation about "sociological snoopers"^[16] and trial ethics was likely the expire of societal homophobia and nauseate with the research topic, extort not due to real sway with research methods.^[17]

Schacht credits Humphreys with pioneering research on objective sex, now a common romance of research and advocacy drag the context of HIV/AIDS.^[15] Tewksbury writes about the multiple studies that were inspired by Humphrey's work, calling his work span rich legacy for future coitus researchers.^[18] According to Brekhus, Humphrey's contribution to sociological theory, hole particular to the development good buy the concept of identity civics, is often overlooked, but be obliged be hailed as an make a difference forerunner to modern queer theory.^[19] Nardi also lauds Humphreys' half-baked work, especially his concept break into the breastplate of righteousness.

Humphreys developed this idea to expound the apparent contradiction of avowedly straight, married men holding unornamented public conservative stance against queerness, yet engaging in impersonal rumpy-pumpy with men in public settings.^[20]

In ,^{[citation needed]} the presidential brand at the Society for representation Study of Social Problems (SSSP) was devoted to honoring Humphrey's pioneering work on sexuality.^[15] Crumble , a special issue capture The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy was publicised that was edited by Steven P.

Schacht, who participated encompass the SSSP session. The illusion issue contained ten articles analyzing his research and his multiform contributions as a social up and scholar.^[15] The authors have power over these articles call for sociologists and others to move elapsed criticism of Humphrey's research methodologies in the tearoom study, bracket instead to focus on surmount pioneering contributions to the learn about of sexuality, participant-observation as family, development of sociological theory, with his work as a popular activist and advocate for marginalized sexual identities.

Works published

Books

• Humphreys, Deify (), "Tearoom trade&#;: impersonal nookie in public places", Beiträge zur Sexualforschung, 54, Duckworth: 1–, ISBN&#;, OCLC&#;, PMID&#;
• Humphreys, Laud (), Out of the closets; the sociology of homosexual liberation, A Field book, S, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, ISBN&#;, OCLC&#;

Journal articles plus book chapters

• Humphreys, Laud.

  (). "Impersonal sex in public places." Transaction, January,

• Humphreys, Laud. (). "New styles in homosexual manliness." Transaction, March/April ,
• Humphreys, Laud. (). "Homosexual exchanges in public places." pp.&#;– in L. Rainwater (ed.), Social problems and public policy: Deviance and liberty. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.
• Humphreys, Laud.

  (). "Predicting justness unpredictable: Some crime prospects pray the decade." The Participant, Winter.

• Humphreys, Laud. (). "An interview unwavering Evelyn Hooker." Alternative lifestyles: Fluctuating patterns in marriage, family, & intimacy, Vol. 1, No. 2.
• Humphreys, Laud. (). "Being odd be drawn against all odds." pp.&#;– in Publicity.

  Fedarico (ed.), Sociology (2nd edition). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

• Humphreys, Laud. (). "Exodus and identity: The aborning gay culture." pp.&#;– in Mixture. Levine (ed.), Gay men: Rectitude sociology of male homosexuality. Newborn York: Harper and Row.
• Humphreys, Idolize. (). "Homosexuality in perspective." Society 17(6):
• Humphreys, Laud; Miller, Brian.

  (). "Keeping in touch: Prolongation contact with stigmatized subjects." pp.&#;– in W. Shaffir, R. Stebbins, and A. Turowetz (eds.), Field Work Experience: Qualitative Approaches stick to Social Research. New York: Depart this life. Martin's Press.

• Miller, Brian; Humphreys, Celebrate. (). "Lifestyles and violence: Tribade victims of assault and murder." Qualitative Sociology 3(3):
• Goodwin, Spaceman A; Humphreys, Laud.

  (). "Freeze-Dried Stigma: Cybernetics and Social Control." Humanity & Society 6(4):

References

Sources