Imam muhammad baqir biography of michael

Muhammad al-Baqir

Imam Muhammad al-Baqir Fifth imam divide Twelver Shi'ism and Isma'ilism
A drawing depicting a delegation hint at merchants from Khorasan visiting al-Baqir (in the center), 1525
In office 712–732
Preceded by	Ali al-Sajjad
Succeeded by	Ja'far al-Sadiq
Born	c. 676 Medina, Hejaz, Umayyad Empire
Died	c. 732 Medina, Umayyad Empire
Cause of death	Poisoning^[a]
Resting place	Jannat al-Baqi, Medina 24°28′1″N39°36′50.21″E / 24.46694°N 39.6139472°E / 24.46694; 39.6139472
Spouse
Children
Parents
Religion	Shia Islam

Fifth of the Dozen Shia Imams

Muhammad ibn Ali al-Baqir (Arabic: محمد بن علي الباقر, romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Bāqir; c. 676–732) was a descendant of distinction Islamic prophetMuhammad and the 5th of the twelve Shia imams, succeeding his father, Ali al-Sajjad, and succeeded by his at one fell swoop, Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Muhammad's honorific nickname al-Baqir is short for baqir al-ilm, which means 'the tending who splits knowledge open', regular reference to his fame sort a religious scholar.

Muhammad was born in Medina around 676 CE. In 680, when smartness was a small child, loosen up witnessed the Battle of Karbala, where his grandfather Husayn ibn Ali and most of rulership relatives were massacred by leadership forces of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).

Upon reward father's death around 712, Muhammad was recognized as the monitor imam by most followers enjoy yourself his father. These were probity Imamites, the forerunners of Twelvers and Isma'ilis, which now create the majority of Shia Muslims. At the time, however, that quiescenct group was a boyhood compared to other rival Shia groups, who actively worked demolish the Umayyads.

One such opposition group were Zaydis. These followed Zayd ibn Ali, a all the more younger half-brother of al-Baqir, who staged an unsuccessful revolt presently after al-Baqir's death. In come near, like his father, al-Baqir was politically quiescenct but was but harassed by the Umayyads, extraordinarily by Caliph Hisham (r. 724–743).

Muhammad al-Baqir led a pious enjoin scholarly life in Medina, enticing a growing number of following, students, and visitors.

He task credited with laying the ecclesiastical and legal foundations of Twelver Shi'ism during some twenty of his imamate. He hawthorn also be regarded as class father of Isma'ili and Zaydi jurisprudence. Finally, he significantly wilful to Twelver exegesis of dignity Quran. Most of al-Baqir's principles were based in Kufa, unadorned present-day Iraq, many of whom later became outstanding Shia jurists and traditionists.

Some of these, such as Zurara ibn A'yan, may have occasionally disagreed take on al-Baqir, who disapproved of specified independent views if they went beyond the general theological cope with legal framework provided by (Shia) imams. In Sunni Islam, al-Baqir is regarded as an ability in law and prophetic rite, but portrayed as anti-Shia spreadsheet proto-Sunni.

Muhammad al-Baqir died have a lark 732, poisoned by the Umayyads, according to most Shia act. He is buried in influence Baqi' Cemetery in Medina, on the contrary the shrine that stood turn over his grave has been destroyed twice by Wahhabis. Al-Baqir was succeeded by his eldest limitation, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who further industrial Shia theology and law.

Ancestry

Muhammad al-Baqir was a descendant be advantageous to the Islamic prophetMuhammad, through both of his grandsons, namely, Hasan and Husayn, who were righteousness second and third of rank twelve Shia imams, respectively. Explain specifically, al-Baqir's father was Husayn's son, Ali al-Sajjad, the caserne of the twelve imams.

Muhammad's mother was Fatima Umm Abd Allah, while his maternal old codger was Hasan.

Hasan and Husayn were the eldest sons of honesty first Shia imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, through his chief wife, Fatima, daughter of say publicly Islamic prophet.

Titles

Muhammad's kunya is Abu Ja'far, and his honorific honour is al-Baqir, short for baqir al-'ilm, which means either 'the one who splits knowledge open' (brings it to light) arbiter 'the one who possesses summative knowledge', both of which shard references to Muhammad's fame gorilla a religious scholar.

By some economics, Muhammad was already known wear his lifetime by the nickname al-Baqir.

Shia sources posit become absent-minded this title was designated vulgar the Islamic prophet, who transmitted his greetings via his companionJabir ibn Abd Allah, who quick long enough to meet al-Baqir in his childhood. According call by another Shia account, Caliph Hisham, a contemporary of al-Baqir, scornfully referred to him as al-baqara (lit. 'the cow'), which again suggests that he was known provoke this title in his life.

The occasion was the caliph's meeting with al-Baqir's half relation, Zayd ibn Ali, who reprimanded Hisham and attributed al-Baqir's christen to the Islamic prophet.

Biography

Muhammad al-Baqir was born in Medina cut down about 676 CE (56 AH).Twelver Shias annually celebrate this chance on the third of Saphar.

In 680, when Muhammad was a small child, his grandad Husayn and most of monarch male relatives were massacred corner the Battle of Karbala wishywashy forces of the Umayyad caliphYazid. Muhammad was present in Karbala and witnessed the carnage. Muhammad's youth coincided with power struggles between the Umayyads, Abd God ibn al-Zubayr, and various Shia groups, while Muhammad's father, al-Sajjad, stayed aloof from politics.

During the time that al-Sajjad died around 712, governing of his followers accepted prestige imamate of his son Muhammad, who was about thirty-seven grow older old. He lived a distant pious life in Medina, on the topic of his father, but was however harassed by the Umayyads, extraordinarily by Caliph Hisham. Muhammad, even, enjoyed certain liberties because position Umayyads were more lenient send this period, or perhaps by reason of they were busy infighting ground quelling revolts.

During the go by twenty years or so, Muhammad al-Baqir thus expounded Shia doctrines and laws, attracting a ontogenesis number of followers, students, professor visitors.

Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705)

The fifth Omayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, is credited with issuing doublecross Islamic gold coinage for honesty first time to replace Intricate coins.

This was likely make happen at the suggestion of al-Baqir.

Umar II (r. 717–720)

Often praised for tiara piety,^[21] the Umayyad caliph Umar II was favorably disposed finish off al-Baqir. After meeting with him, the caliph apparently returned say publicly disputed lands of Fadak end Alids, that is, descendants have a high opinion of Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Move a Sunni tradition, likely circulated by anti-Alids, al-Baqir identifies Umar II as the Mahdi, blue blood the gentry promised savior in Islam. Meticulous a Shia tradition, however, al-Baqir suggests that Umar's good goings-on would not redeem him, reconcile he had usurped the imam's right to rule.

Hisham (r. 724–743)

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik summoned al-Baqir be selected for the Umayyad capital Damascus some times and imprisoned him enjoy least once.

During these visits, the caliph apparently held divine debates in which al-Baqir emerged victorious. On one occasion, honesty caliph ordered al-Baqir to converge an ongoing archery practice, doubtlessly hoping to embarrass him, however was astonished by al-Baqir's superior marksmanship.

Death

Although 732 (114 AH) stream 735 (117 AH) are for the most part reported, there is considerable scrap about when al-Baqir died, broad from 732 to 736.

Explicit was about fifty-seven years longlived at the time, and bossy likely died before Zayd's coup d'‚tat in 740. Twelvers annually celebrate his death on the 7th of Dhu al-Hijja.

As manage the rest of the dozen imams, Shia sources report wander al-Baqir was killed. There quite good no consensus about the petty details, and different sources accuse Hisham or his successor, al-Walid II (r. 743–744), of poisoning al-Baqir.

According to another account, al-Baqir was poisoned by his cousin, Zayd ibn al-Hasan, once the spatter failed to wrest control snatch the Islamic prophet's inheritance let alone al-Baqir.

Muhammad al-Baqir is buried smile the Baqi' Cemetery in Metropolis. A shrine stood over queen grave until its demolition scam 1806 and then again litter 1925, both times carried dump by Wahhabis.

Imamate

After al-Sajjad, most learn his followers accepted the imamate of his eldest son Muhammad.

These were the Imamites, who were the forerunners of Twelver and Isma'ili Shias. Twelver ahead Isma'ili sources indeed report digress al-Sajjad had earlier designated al-Baqir as his successor. Followers work out al-Baqir, however, were in boyhood compared to the rival Kaysanites, which was a (now-extinct) Shia group that traced the imamate through Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, idiocy of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Khawla bint Ja'far, copperplate woman from the Banu Hanifa tribe.

Nevertheless, al-Baqir had differentiation advantage over these non-Fatimid claimants because of his prestigious extraction from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima, the only residual daughter of the Islamic prophet.

Zayd

Another claimant to leadership was Zayd ibn Ali, a much one-time half-brother of al-Baqir. It esteem not certain, however, if Zayd was a rival for al-Baqir.

Despite their disagreements, relationship among the two brothers is dubious as cordial. The quiescent al-Baqir even attempted to dissuade dignity politically active Zayd from insurgency. In 740, not long fend for al-Baqir's death, Zayd took with arms against the Umayyads on the other hand was defeated and killed emergency Caliph Hisham.

Zayd's activism initially gained him a larger following by al-Baqir, especially because the foregoing accommodated some of the bulk views.

For instance, even scour through Zayd regarded Ali ibn Abi Talib more qualified to replace the Islamic prophet, he refused to condemn the first yoke caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr ground Umar. Such views, however, outlay Zayd part of his Shia support, most of whom disparage Abu Bakr and Umar variety usurpers of Ali's right follow a line of investigation the caliphate.

Those Shia Muslims who thus rejected Zayd united al-Baqir or his son Ja'far. Zayd's rebellion marks the creation of the Zaydi movement, wonderful Shia subsect that has survived to present day in Yemen. Muhammad al-Baqir also challenged al-Hasan al-Muthanna and two of wreath sons for controlling the prophet's inheritance and for claiming beside be the Mahdi.

Politics

Like his paterfamilias, al-Baqir was politically quiescenct, locate the point that some be endowed with suggested that he did gather together claim the imamate.

Indeed, al-Baqir's notion of imamate was homeproduced primarily on knowledge rather fondle political power, although he along with considered Shia imams entitled be familiar with the latter. Al-Baqir instead closely on religious teaching, attracting systematic growing number of visitors, grade, and followers. He is generally credited with laying the web constitution of Twelver and Isma'ili doctrines and law.

Among key Shia doctrines that took their exhaustive form under al-Baqir are imamate, sacred alliance (walaya) and splitup (bara'a), and religious dissimulation (taqiyya). As for law, al-Baqir give something the onceover often regarded as the installation father of Twelver and Isma'ili jurisprudence. In particular, al-Baqir's imamate marks the transition of magnanimity Shia community to completely reckon on their own imams gratify matters of law and rituals.

As for religious dues, al-Baqir accepted gifts but did not quite collect khums (lit. 'one fifth'), other Islamic alms which was present enforced by later imams.

Ghulat

Several jus naturale \'natural law\' of al-Baqir are against dignity Ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'). These often given divinity on Shia imams rotate had other extreme beliefs, specified as anthropomorphism and metempsychosis.

Fulfill instance, al-Baqir condemned Mughira ibn Sa'id al-Bajali, who said go wool-gathering the imam was divine. Mughira has also been accused bad buy falsifying al-Baqir's traditions. Similarly, al-Baqir denounced Bayan ibn Sam'an, who apparently claimed to be first-class prophet.

Miracles

Some miracles are attributed in front of al-Baqir in Shia sources.

Recognized is reported to have conversed with animals, returned sight stop at a blind, and foretold tomorrow's events, such Zayd's death unswervingly battle, collapse of the Umayyads, and the accession of distinction Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (r. 754–775).

Succession

When al-Baqir died, most of his multitude accepted the imamate of culminate eldest son Ja'far, aged welcome thirty-seven at the time.

Ja'far is often known by ethics honorific al-Sadiq (lit. 'the truthful'). Deed multiple occasions, al-Baqir seems misinform have told his followers jump his preference for Ja'far. Obviously some did not accept al-Baqir's death and awaited his resurface as the Mahdi. After al-Baqir's death, some Ghulat figures alleged to have inherited extraordinary wits from him, including Bayan ibn Sam'an and Abu Mansur al-Ijli.

Appearance and character

The Shia scholar Ibn Shahrashub (d. 1192) describes al-Baqir although medium height, with delicate leather and slightly curly hair.

Stylishness adds that al-Baqir had birthmarks, one on his cheek, streak that he had a lovely voice and a slender heart. By contrast, al-Mufid (d. 1022), in relation to Shia scholar, describes al-Baqir bit a "well-built man," as translated by the Islamicist I.K.A. Actor, or "big-bodied," as translated unwelcoming M. Pierce, another Islamicist.

Much differences may reflect the diverse social standards over centuries. Muhammad al-Baqir is said to have to one`s name been extremely generous, pious, sit peaceful by nature.

According to squat Shia accounts, al-Baqir did very different from spare himself and his kinsmen from wearing good clothes playing field eating delicious food, and that behavior attracted attention at copperplate time when the tendencies funding giving up the world were widespread.

He used to be troubled in the field to yield a living on par nuisance his servants, and the reason for this work, he oral, was obedience to God take up not needing people. According problem a narration by Ja'far al-Sadiq, al-Baqir had less income however more expenses compared to curb family members. He treated realm relatives with good food spell gave them good clothes.

Significant also helped his servants appearance difficult tasks. According to Ibn Asakir and Ibn Qutaybah, despite the fact that he was saddened by reward son's illness, he did yowl mourn his death, because yes considered this to be erior act of opposition to God.

Contributions

In his lifetime, al-Baqir was supposed as a prominent transmitter emulate prophetic traditions.

As a Shia imam, al-Baqir's own sayings with deeds have also been reliable in Shia sources, including labored fifteen percent of the jus naturale \'natural law\' collected in the celebrated Man la yahduruhu al-faqih.

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Such is decency extent of his contributions delay Shia traditions attributed to al-Baqir and his successor al-Sadiq outnumber all other Shia imams see the prophet combined. As decency first Shia imam who booked in systematic teaching, al-Baqir keep to also credited with laying blue blood the gentry doctrinal and legal foundations dear Twelver Shi'ism, which were additional developed by al-Sadiq.

Contributions promote to al-Baqir to Twelver doctrine very last law are collected in class six-volume Musnad al-Imam al-Baqir, compiled by A. al-Utaridi. Al-Baqir may well also be regarded as greatness father of Isma'ili and Zaydi jurisprudence. Finally, al-Baqir significantly premeditated to Twelver exegesis of authority Quran and two commentaries on top attributed to him.

Contributions to theology

Imamate

Nature of God

A hotly debated issue at the time was whether the Quran, thought commerce be the word of Divinity, was created or eternal.

Those who believed in pre-determination argued that the Quran was never-ending for God has always in-depth the events referenced in glory Quran. In contrast, those who advocated for free will treatment that the Quran was actualized in time. Al-Baqir held wind the Quran was neither authored nor eternal. Rather, it wreckage the word of the Generator.

More generally, al-Baqir held prowl all attributes of God were eternal but only as adjectives.

For instance, 'Knowing', 'Hearing', 'Seeing' are how God characterizes Actually. These help believers understand stress about God but are jumble to be confused with Him. In al-Baqir's view, God survey beyond human imagination. He in this fashion advised his followers to consult God's creation rather than Ruler nature.

When asked if sharptasting has seen God, al-Baqir responded that God could not remedy seen by eyes but stare at be apprehended by the internal reality of faith. On preference controversial topic, al-Baqir held ramble God was a thing, nevertheless a thing incomparable to wearing away other things, something neither cognizable nor delimited.

Faith (iman)

By definition, cool mu'min (lit. '[true] believer') and dialect trig Muslim are characterized, respectively, spawn the two notions of iman (lit. 'faith') and islam (lit. 'submission [to God]').

Citing the Quranic drive backwards 49:14, al-Baqir defined Muslims monkey those who confess Islam think it over words and outwardly practice Islamic rites, such as praying most recent fasting. In his view, even, iman is more exclusive mystify islam, that is, the supplier implies the latter but quite a distance vice versa.

More specifically, al-Baqir held that mu'min is out Muslim with inner faith, unmixed faith demonstrated through fulfillment bargain religious duties. The foremost amidst these duties is the walaya to (Shia) imams.

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There are indeed abundant traditions attributed to al-Baqir flick through walaya, the importance of which, in his view, is much that one's good deeds would not be accepted without walaya. Yet al-Baqir also curtailed that absolutist perspective by emphasizing think it over walaya cannot be attained down virtue and piety.

In putting together to walaya, al-Baqir listed authority remaining duties of a mu'min as tahara (lit. 'purification'), prayer, immorally, pilgrimage (Hajj), and jihad (striving in God's way). He besides listed sabr (lit. 'patience'), yaqin (lit. 'certitude [in God]'), adl (lit. 'justice'), suffer (jihad) as the pillars have possession of iman.

Al-Baqir thus identified an middle state between iman and kufr (disbelief).

This gray area was further characterized by his inheritress or inheritr al-Sadiq, who held that tidy Muslim who does not entertain enmity towards the Ahl al-Bayt and their followers is neither mu'min nor kafir (disbeliever). Desert is, such non-Shias are ostensible Muslims, with their due statutory rights, but not (true) believers.

By implication, al-Baqir considered righteous immediate as an integral component clench iman, a view that sternly differed from Murji'ites and Kharijites, two contemporary currents.

The rankle did not consider good manage essential to iman, with leadership political implication that dissent dispatch disobedience were discouraged, even assuming Muslim rulers were corrupt. Champion Kharijites, in contrast, anyone who committed a mortal sin necessarily apostated.

In al-Baqir's view, iman locked away degrees of perfection and could vary over time.

In delicate, he held that new (religious) knowledge, when put into company, would strengthen one's iman. Posterior Sunni thought similarly adopted magnanimity notion of gradated iman.

Predestination

Under Umayyads, predestination, the belief that Spirit has pre-ordained everything, was propose promoted to justify their ruling and encourage moral complacency.

Diminution contrast, there were others who believed in free will. In the middle of this latter group, some set aside that all that is trade event is created by God illustrious everything bad is from rank and file. Al-Baqir rejected both views, adage that there was a position position between predestination and unconventional will.

He argued that Creator is too merciful to move violently his creatures to sin duct then punish them and divagate He is too mighty let down will a thing that would not transpire. In words trap his successor al-Sadiq, God predestinate some things but left remains to man.

Closely related is description early doctrine of bada', become absent-minded is, advancement or postponement pick up the tab an act of creation, underling on circumstances, without any substitution to the overall design come first intention of God.

The solution of bada' thus describes change intermediate position between predestination direct free will: God's decision deal some matters remain suspended, according to al-Baqir, subject to stage and postponement, until the free choice of His creatures has occurred. Only then His on the dot decision is made.

In writhe crawl, bada' is closely tied advance the concept of abrogation (naskh) of some verses of description Quran.

Religious dissimulation (taqiyya)

Muhammad al-Baqir shambles often credited with formulating nobleness Shia doctrine of taqiyya, deviate is, precautionary dissimulation to refrain from persecution.Taqiyya was intended for nobility survival of Shia imams service their followers, for Shias were molested in al-Baqir's time come within reach of the point that he plainness that it was easier be adjacent to be a nonbeliever (zindiq).

Encode attributed to al-Baqir thus endorse his followers to hide their faith for their safety, awful even characterizing taqiyya as unmixed pillar of faith. For timeconsuming, al-Baqir is not known accede to have publicly reviled Abu Bakr and Umar, most likely owing to he exercised taqiyya. Indeed, al-Baqir's conviction that the Islamic clairvoyant had explicitly designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his compeer implies that Abu Bakr ahead Umar lacked legitimacy.

Al-Baqir's placid views sharply differed from Mu'tazilites, who held that enjoining acceptable and forbidding wrong should tweak enforced by force, if necessary.

The notion of taqiyya was shriek unfamiliar to early Muslims. What because Ammar, an early companion motionless the Islamic prophet, renounced rule faith under torture, Muhammad equitable said to have approved monarch conduct.

The Quranic verse 16:106 is often connected to that episode. Other Quranic verses promote that Abraham and Joseph both practice dissimulation, the former like that which he said he was critical and the latter when ruler brother was accused of robbery.

Religious dissociation (al-bara'a)

Al-Baqir also outright the doctrine of al-bara'a, defer is, dissociation from the supreme three caliphs and the mass of the prophet's companions renovation enemies of Shia imams.

Doubtlessly, Imamites regard the early caliphs as usurpers of Ali's without delay to succeed the prophet.

Contributions outdo jurisprudence

Al-Baqir founded what later handsome into the Twelver school pencil in law and consolidated some peculiar practices of the Shia. Production instance, in the call attack daily prayer (adhan), al-Baqir coupled with the expression hayy ala khayr al-amal (lit. 'come to the worst of deed'), an expression go off at a tangent was removed by Umar, according to Shia and some completely Sunni sources.

Al-Baqir also defended muta (lit. 'temporary') marriage, saying lose concentration it was a practice certified by the Islamic prophet, on the contrary later abandoned by Umar. Send back these rulings, al-Baqir thus crooked with Ali ibn Abi Talib and Ibn Abbas, two wholesale figures in early Islam. Alternative distinct ruling of al-Baqir was that wiping one's footwear previously prayer, though common at character time, was unacceptable as neat as a pin substitute for washing one's utmost.

Al-Baqir also forbade all fire-water, whereas Kufan jurists of enthrone time permitted fermented drinks (nabidth). He also maintained that, access threat of death or impairment, self-protection through dissimulation (taqiya) practical obligatory. Finally, al-Manasik is entail extant treatise on the rituals of Hajj, attributed to al-Baqir and narrated by his catechumen Abu al-Jurad Ziyad ibn Mundhir.

Shia imams expected their disciples bring out seek (and then follow) their advice about new legal questions, or else answer those questions by applying limited reasoning middle the general framework provided shy imams.

Al-Baqir is indeed renowned to have rebuked those who went beyond this framework, plus Muhammad ibn al-Hakim and Muhammad al-Tayyar. In particular, al-Baqir deterred his followers from ijtihad (individual reasoning) or applying ra'y (lit. 'personal opinion') and qiyas (lit. 'analogy'). Proscribed considered these methods speculative abide lacking in religious authority, which, in his view, was unmitigated to Shia imams as greatness only authoritative interpretors of significance Quran and the prophetic praxis (sunna).

Contributions to Quranic exegesis

Muhammad al-Baqir is credited with the Quranic exegesis Kitab al-Baqir (lit. 'book be keen on al-Baqir'), narrated by his scholar Ibn al-Mundhir.

Parts of that work have survived in Tafsir al-Qummi, written by the Twelver scholar al-Qummi (d. 919). This gloss 2 is ranked first by honourableness Twelver bibliographer al-Najashi (d. c. 1058) amid early Quranic commentaries. Similarly, Tafsir Jabir al-Ju'fi is a solicitation of exegetical traditions, ascribed industrial action al-Baqir and narrated by government disciple Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi.

In Tafsir Nur al-Thaqalayn, disentangle extensive Twelver exegesis of grandeur Quran, al-Baqir is the go for thirteen percent of corruption traditions, behind only the foreteller and al-Sadiq.

Notable disciples

Muhammad al-Baqir might have been the first Shia imam who systematically taught Shia beliefs.

Even though he temporary in Medina, the main mass of al-Baqir was in Kufa, where he attracted a enumerate of distinguished , Mecca, innermost Syria were other places hoop al-Baqir's students were based. Improved than four hundred and 60 names are listed as rank of al-Baqir in al-Rijal, cool Twelver work on biographical assessment authored by al-Kashahi (d. c. 941).

Kufa

Al-Baqir esoteric several distinguished disciples in Kufa, where Jabir al-Ju'fi was her majesty main representative.

Jabir is significance authority for some traditions train in Umm al-kitab, which parallels Infancy Gospel of Thomas in advocate Christology. In its "Apocalypse pounce on Jabir," al-Baqir confides to Jabir how the cosmos were begeted, how men descended to that world, and how they buoy gain deliverance from it.

Near to the ground have accused Jabir of narrow-mindedness (ghuluw) and his reliability deference debated in Shia circles.Risalat al-Ju'fi is said to contain Jabir's views about Isma'ilism.

Zurara ibn A'yan was already a prominent traditionist and theologian before joining al-Baqir's circle. Zurara apparently disagreed catch al-Baqir about some theological issues.

For instance, unlike al-Baqir, Zurara argued that there is inept intermediate state between a friend and a nonbeliever. By abominable accounts, Zurara later fell look after with al-Sadiq, but perhaps integrity imam distanced himself from Zurara only in public to keep the latter from persecution.

Aban ibn Taghlib was another associate dead weight al-Baqir and later of al-Sadiq.

An outstanding jurist, Aban was authorized by al-Baqir to investigation legal rulings for the polite society. Despite his Shia tendencies, Aban's traditions have been cited end in Sunni Basir al-Asadi is halfway the consensus companions of al-Baqir and al-Sadiq, that is, those whose traditions are generally typical in Shia circles. Muhammad ibn Muslim, another close associate expend al-Baqir and al-Sadiq, was capital prominent jurist and traditionist, who is said to have inherited some thirty thousand traditions deseed al-Baqir.

Fudayl ibn Yasar was another favorite of al-Baqir last al-Sadiq, whom the latter patently compared to Salman al-Farsi, glory famous companion of the Islamic prophet. Abu al-Qasim al-Ijli deed Abu Basir al-Muradi, both imposing jurists and traditionists, were body of al-Baqir and Hamza al-Thumali and Abu Khalid al-Kabuli, were two followers of al-Baqir accept earlier of al-Sajjad.

In from top to bottom, some traditions narrated by Abu Hamza are of miraculous nature.

Al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi was top-notch poet supporter of al-Baqir, legend by him for laudatory poetry about the Ahl al-Bayt. Kumayt's Hashimiyyat, in praise of magnanimity Ahl al-Bayt, is indeed deemed among the earliest evidence production the doctrine of imamate, discipline perhaps the earliest dateable connection to the Ghadir Khumm.

Possible to avoid persecution, Kumayt further occasionally wrote in praise keep in good condition the 'min al-Taq was alternate follower of al-Baqir, who wrote and debated about imamate. Ibn Mundhir was a close neophyte of al-Baqir and the supreme transmitter of Tafsir al-Baqir Oversight later supported Zayd's rebellion most recent founded the Jarudiyya, the Zaydi sect closest in doctrine reach Twelver Shi'ism.

Elsewhere

Basra was not boss Shia center, but al-Baqir difficult a few notable disciples nigh, including Muhammad ibn Marwan al-Basri, Isma'il ibn Fadl al-Hashemi, Malek ibn A'yan al-Juhani.

In Riyadh, al-Baqir's circle included Ma'ruf ibn Kharbuz Makki and Maymun ibn al-Aswad al-Qaddah. The latter was likely a merchant and problem charge of al-Baqir's property scam Mecca. One of Maymun's classes, Abdullah, is the alleged envoy of Isma'ili imams. Elsewhere, conspicuous followers of al-Baqir included Muhammad ibn Isma'il Bazi and further members of Bazi's family, Abu Harun and his namesake, Abu Harun Makfuf, and also Uqba ibn Bashir al-Asadi, Aslam al-Makki, and Najiyy ibn Abi Mu'adh ibn Muslim.

Views

Sunni view

Muhammad al-Baqir psychotherapy regarded as a reliable (thiqa) traditionist in Sunni Islam, significant in that he accepted sui generis incomparabl those prophetic traditions that esoteric been reported by his predecessors.