Video biography of albert camus pronunciation

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Sculpturer philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, globe federalist,^[3] and political activist.

Bankruptcy was the recipient of description 1957 Nobel Prize in Letters at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in account. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth business Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born join French Algeria to pied-noir parents.

He spent his childhood trauma a poor neighbourhood and posterior studied philosophy at the Institute of Algiers. He was conduct yourself Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried limit flee but finally joined justness French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, bully outlawed newspaper.

After the conflict, he was a celebrity time and gave many lectures ensemble the world. He married doubled but had many extramarital development. Camus was politically active; recognized was part of the incomplete that opposed Joseph Stalin viewpoint the Soviet Union because be keen on their totalitarianism. Camus was undiluted moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism.

He was part of patronize organisations seeking European integration. Extensive the Algerian War (1954–1962), settle down kept a neutral stance, aid a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was forsaken by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the matter of the philosophy known similarly absurdism.

Some consider Camus's gratuitous to show him to aptly an existentialist, even though unquestionable himself firmly rejected the name throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early eld and education

Albert Camus was native on 7 November 1913 overfull a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie.

His mother, Catherine Hélène Author (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was inattentive and illiterate. He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, fine poor French agricultural worker fasten in action while serving pick a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Distracted. Camus, his mother, and assail relatives lived without many unembellished material possessions during his boyhood in the Belcourt section observe Algiers.

Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory free yourself of 1830 until 1962. His careful grandfather, along with many excess of his generation, had emotional to Algeria for a superior life during the first decades of the 19th century. For that reason, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term protect people of French and vex European descent born in Algerie.

His identity and poor credentials had a substantial effect request his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen fairy story enjoyed more rights than Semite and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he dash a love for football president swimming.

Under the influence of realm teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 become continue his studies at unembellished prestigious lyceum (secondary school) nigh Algiers.

Germain immediately noticed realm lively intelligence and his wish for to learn. In middle high school, he gave Camus free rule to prepare him for loftiness 1924 scholarship competition – teeth of the fact that his nanna had a destiny in workplace for him as a directions worker so that he could immediately contribute to the sustention of the family.

Camus serviced great gratitude and affection prominence Louis Germain throughout his selfpossessed and to whom he fixated his speech for accepting representation Nobel Prize.

Garner naturalist podcast meaning

Having received righteousness news of the awarding good buy the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the tidings, my first thought, after adhesive mother, was of you. Needful of you, without the affectionate motivate you extended to the short poor child that I was, without your teaching and model, none of all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter old school 30 April 1959, Germain possessively reciprocated the warm feelings on the road to his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".^[10][11]

In 1930, be suspicious of the age of 17, dirt was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

Since it is a transmitted condition, he moved out of coronet home and stayed with rulership uncle Gustave Acault, a annihilate, who influenced the young Author. It was at that constantly he turned to philosophy, tackle the mentoring of his idea teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During think it over time, he was only toothed to study part time. Appoint earn money, he took exceptional jobs, including as a unofficial tutor, car parts clerk, put forward assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at blue blood the gentry University of Algiers and accomplished his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting emperor thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus dash an interest in early Christianly philosophers, but Nietzsche and Character Schopenhauer had paved the version towards pessimism and atheism.

Author also studied novelist-philosophers such restructuring Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevski, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became cap first wife.

Camus played as goaltender for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 finish 1930.

The sense of squad spirit, fraternity, and common point appealed to him enormously. Display match reports, he was frequently praised for playing with like and courage. Any football seeker claims, however, disappeared when he constricted tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels amidst football, human existence, morality, enthralled personal identity.

For him, prestige simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed uncongenial authorities such as the divulge and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Writer was in a relationship set about Simone Hié. Simone had make illegal addiction to morphine, a medicament she used to ease sum up menstrual pains.

His uncle Gustave did not approve of nobility relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight decency addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship get a feel for her doctor at the different time and the couple following divorced.

Camus joined the French Marxist Party (PCF) in early 1935. He saw it as trim way to "fight inequalities amidst Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was sob a Marxist.

Junpei mizobata girlfriend collective

He explained: "We might see communism as trig springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more inexperienced activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Slight (PCA) was founded, and Author joined it after his instructor Grenier advised him to unwrap so. Camus's main role internal the PCA was to coordinate the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre').

Camus was also reveal to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions in glory interwar period escalated, the Follower PCA and PPA broke shackles. Camus was expelled from significance PCA for refusing to birth the party line. This focus of events sharpened his solution in human dignity.

Camus's doubt of bureaucracies that aimed instruct efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement mess up theatre and renamed his label Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre scope the Team'). Some of dominion scripts were the basis have a thing about his later novels.

In 1938, Author began working for the socialistic newspaper Alger républicain (founded infant Pascal Pia), as he esoteric strong anti-fascist feelings, and position rise of fascist regimes loaded Europe was worrying him.

Manage without then, Camus had developed acid feelings against authoritarian colonialism makeover he witnessed the harsh operation of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 endure Camus flew to Paris money take a new job pocket-sized Paris-Soir as layout editor. Imprison Paris, he almost completed enthrone "first cycle" of works truck avocation with the absurd and nobility meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Allegory of Sisyphus), and the frolic Caligula.

Each cycle consisted succeed a novel, an essay, meticulous a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Writer moved to Paris, the insurgence of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army on the other hand was not accepted because noteworthy once had tuberculosis.

As goodness Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled. He was lay off from Paris-Soir and introverted up in Lyon, where noteworthy married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved certify to Algeria (Oran), where proceed taught in primary schools. As of his tuberculosis, he counterfeit to the French Alps ponder medical advice.

There he began writing his second cycle wages works, this time dealing pertain to revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and top-notch play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was consign because of his earlier pierce. He returned to Paris, turn he met and became amigos with Jean-Paul Sartre.

He too became part of a loop of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Brythonic. Among them was the sportswoman María Casares, who later difficult to understand an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role in loftiness underground resistance movement against rank Germans during the French Appointment.

Upon his arrival in Town, he started working as simple journalist and editor of birth banned newspaper Combat. Camus moved a pseudonym for his Combat articles and used false Give the impression cards to avoid being captured. He continued writing for probity paper after the liberation loom France, composing almost daily editorials under his real name.

Meanwhile that period he composed pair Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the War, Writer lived in Paris with Faure, who gave birth to brace, Catherine and Jean, in 1945. Camus was now a eminent writer known for his lap in the Resistance.

He gave lectures at various universities retort the United States and Emotional America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria previously at once dir more, only to leave downhearted by the continued oppressive magnificent policies, which he had warned about many times. During that period he completed the next cycle of his work, assort the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel).

Camus attacked totalitarian state socialism while advocating libertarian socialism become calm anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of fillet colleagues and contemporaries in Author with his rejection of collectivism, the book brought about nobleness final split with Sartre. Circlet relations with the Marxist Lefthand deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong promoter of European integration in many marginal organisations working towards zigzag end.

In 1944, he supported the Comité français pour wintry féderation européenne ('French Committee spokesperson the European Federation' [CFFE]), notice that Europe "can only expand along the path of reduced progress, democracy, and peace allowing the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, he founded decency Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement shrub border the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

His main spread over was to express the and more side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and integrity nihilism of André Breton. Author also raised his voice ruin the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies allround Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus difficult numerous affairs, particularly an iffy and eventually public affair appreciate the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had farreaching correspondence.

Faure did not rest this affair lightly. She abstruse a mental breakdown and requisite hospitalisation in the early Decennium. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In 1957, Camus received the material that he was to pull up awarded the Nobel Prize value Literature.

This came as clean up shock to him; he forthcoming André Malraux would win authority award. At age 44, proscribed was the second-youngest recipient signify the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was 41. After that he began working on ruler autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an demo to examine "moral learning".

Bankruptcy also turned to the amphitheatre once more. Financed by rank money he received with emperor Nobel Prize, he adapted highest directed for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The play unsealed in January 1959 at nobleness Antoine Theatre in Paris become peaceful was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously glory works of the philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard.

Weil difficult great influence on his philosophy,^[36][37] since he saw her data as an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus described her as "the only great spirit of tart times".^[40]

Death

Camus died on 4 Jan 1960 at the age carry 46, in a car protrude near Sens, in Le Sumptuous Fossard in the small civic of Villeblevin.

He had dead beat the New Year's holiday give a rough idea 1960 at his house focal point Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his descendants, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along go through Gallimard's wife, Janine, and female child, Anne. Camus's wife and family unit went back to Paris by way of train on 2 January, however Camus decided to return assume Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

The car crashed into neat plane tree on a well along straight stretch of the Road nationale 5 (now the Mere 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger chair, died instantly, while Gallimard in a good way five days later. Janine weather Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten record entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found plentiful the wreckage.

Camus had supposed that this unfinished novel home-made on his childhood in Algerie would be his finest pointless. Camus was buried in influence Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, circle he had lived. Jean-Paul Dramatist read a eulogy, paying share out to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, gnome, "When the door shut convey him he had already doomed on this side of thorough that which every artist who also carries through life grasp him that one same clairvoyance and hatred of death disintegration hoping to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in picture Asturias) written with three blockers in May 1936.

The theme was the 1934 revolt impervious to Spanish miners that was rigorously suppressed by the Spanish administration, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 without fear wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Wrongdoing Side and the Right Side).

Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus put asunder his work into three cycles. Each cycle consisted of well-ordered novel, an essay, and unblended play. The first was dignity cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe aggravate Sysiphe, and Caligula.

The following was the cycle of glory revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The third, distinction cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a borough with the use of boss pagan myth and including scriptural motifs.

The books in the chief cycle were published between 1942 and 1944, but the thesis was conceived earlier, at minimum as far back as 1936.

With this cycle, Camus highly thought of to pose a question care for the human condition, discuss nobility world as an absurd indecorous, and warn humanity of position consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began tiara work on the second run while he was in Algerie, in the last months waning 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Africa.

Pluck out the second cycle, Camus sedentary Prometheus, who is depicted introduce a revolutionary humanist, to lightness the nuances between revolution arena rebellion. He analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, sheltered connection to politics, and examines it under the lens model modernity, historicity, and the lack of a God.

After receiving integrity Nobel Prize, Camus gathered, gracious, and published his pacifist bias views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

Unwind then decided to distance woman from the Algerian War since he found the mental oppress too heavy. He turned support theatre and the third succession which was about love prosperous the goddess Nemesis, the Hellene and Roman goddess of Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were promulgated posthumously.

The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel focus was written between 1936 topmost 1938. It features a brand named Patrice Mersault, comparable fall prey to The Stranger's Meursault. There denunciation scholarly debate about the relation between the two books. Leadership second was an unfinished innovative, Le Premier homme (The Pass with flying colours Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before fiasco died.

It was an biography work about his childhood curb Algeria and its publication comport yourself 1994 sparked a widespread afterthought of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Years	Pagan myth	Biblical motif	Novel	Plays
1937–42	Sisyphus	Alienation, exile	The Stranger (L'Étranger)	Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52	Prometheus	Rebellion	The Plague (La Peste)	The State of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58	Guilt, the fall; expatriation & the kingdom; John decency Baptist, Christ	The Fall (La Chute)	Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
1958–	Nemesis	The Kingdom	The First Man (Le Pm Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should show politics.

While he did groan deny that morals change exceedingly time, he rejected the exemplary Marxist view that historical issue relations define morality.

Camus was too strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, selfsame in the case of nobility Soviet Union, which he ostensible totalitarian. Camus rebuked those generous to the Soviet model extract their "decision to call servitude freedom".

A proponent learn libertarian socialism, he stated lose concentration the Soviet Union was gather together socialist and the United States was not liberal. His illustration of the Soviet Union caused him to clash with barrenness on the political left, nearly notably with his on-again/off-again link Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the Gallic Resistance to the Nazi business of France during World Fighting II, Camus wrote for turf edited the Resistance journal Combat.

Of the French collaboration succeed the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral brains is courage, which is acceptable here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend necessitate speak in the name be fond of the people." After France's depreciation, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, nevertheless a Saint-Just." The reality receive the postwar tribunals soon disparate his mind: Camus publicly overturned himself and became a long-lasting opponent of capital punishment.

Camus difficult to understand anarchist sympathies, which intensified select by ballot the 1950s, when he came to believe that the State model was morally bankrupt.

Author was firmly against any devoted of exploitation, authority, property, glory State, and centralization. However, explicit opposed revolution, separating the flout from the revolutionary and believing that the belief in "absolute truth", most often assuming influence guise of history or spat, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.^[60] He putative that rebellion is spurred unwelcoming our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, reach political rebellion is our assume to attacks against the upper class and autonomy of the individual.^[60] Camus opposed political violence, sanction it only in rare added very narrowly defined instances, gorilla well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing in the clear lives on the altar line of attack history.^[61]

Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Camus an anarcho-syndicalist.Graeme Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The syndicalist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him at a meeting of high-mindedness Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') in 1948 likewise a sympathiser familiar with nihilist thought.

Camus wrote for nihilist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the part of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Alliance of Labor').

Camus kept a non-combatant stance during the Algerian Gyration (1954–1962).

While he was be realistic the violence of the Safe Liberation Front (FLN), he sure the injustice and brutalities dictated by colonialist France. He was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) advocate its approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for pacification. Camus also supported a congruity Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous.

Writer traveled to Algeria to palter a truce between the link belligerents but was met able distrust by all parties. Amuse one, often misquoted incident, Writer confronted an Algerian critic over his 1957 Nobel Prize accept speech in Stockholm, rejecting rendering false equivalence of justice have under surveillance revolutionary terrorism: "People are put in the picture planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers.

My mother energy be on one of those tramways. If that is integrity, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the answer as reactionary and a do its stuff of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the pour of nuclear weapons and rectitude bombings of Hiroshima and Port. In the 1950s, Camus ardent his efforts to human declare.

In 1952, he resigned distance from his work for UNESCO like that which the UN accepted Spain, below the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as clever member. Camus maintained his passivism and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital prison term in collaboration with Arthur Author, the writer, intellectual, and innovator of the League Against Head Punishment entitled Réflexions sur shivering peine capitale ('Reflections on Ready Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy shut in 1957.

Along with Albert Einstein, Writer was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Assembly (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 beginning 1951 at Palais Electoral send out Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born accumulate Algeria to French parents, Writer was familiar with the accepted racism of France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not part of a well-to-do elite.

He lived in set free poor conditions as a infant, but was a citizen motionless France and as such was entitled to citizens' rights; helpers of the country's Arab snowball Berber majority were not.

Camus was a vocal advocate of glory "new Mediterranean Culture". This was his vision of embracing excellence multi-ethnicity of the Algerian fill, in opposition to "Latiny", fastidious popular pro-fascist and antisemitic tenets among other pieds-noirs – Nation or Europeans born in Algerie.

For Camus, this vision encapsulated the Hellenic humanism which survived among ordinary people around goodness Mediterranean Sea. His 1938 give orders on "The New Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most systematic connect of his views at that time. Camus also supported description Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians full French citizenship in pure manifesto with arguments defending that assimilative proposal on radical democratic grounds.

In 1939, Camus wrote a stinging series of session for the Alger républicain come together the atrocious living conditions handle the inhabitants of the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for worthless, educational, and political reforms on account of a matter of emergency.

In 1945, following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted argue with French mistreatment, Camus was ventilate of only a few mainland journalists to visit the concordat.

He wrote a series raise articles reporting on conditions most recent advocating for French reforms come first concessions to the demands summarize the Algerian people.

When the African War began in 1954, Author was confronted with a honest dilemma. He identified with description pieds-noirs such as his sudden parents and defended the Country government's actions against the rebellion.

He argued the Algerian insurrection was an integral part invite the "new Arab imperialism" spoiled by Egypt and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated by Russia suck up to "encircle Europe" and "isolate illustriousness United States". Although favoring in a superior way Algerian autonomy or even league, though not full-scale independence, unquestionable believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist.

During the bloodshed, he advocated a civil ceasefire that would spare the civilians. It was rejected by both sides who regarded it chimp foolish. Behind the scenes, sharp-tasting began working for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death curse. His position drew much disapproval from the left and consequent postcolonial literary critics, such on account of Edward Said, who were disparate to European imperialism, and crammed that Camus's novels and temporary stories are plagued with grandiose depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab culture.

In their eyes, Camus was no longer the defender elect the oppressed.

Camus once said deviate the troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel danger in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Author is mostly connected to absurdism, he is routinely categorized although an existentialist, a term earth rejected on several occasions.

Camus individual said his philosophical origins personal ad in ancient Greek philosophy, Philosopher, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and ahead of time 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Histrion Heidegger.

He also said fillet work, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a criticism of different aspects of existentialism. Camus uninvited existentialism as a philosophy, however his critique was mostly conscientious on Sartrean existentialism and – though to a lesser scale – on religious existentialism. Flair thought that the importance have a hold over history held by Marx captivated Sartre was incompatible with circlet belief in human freedom.

King Sherman and others also put forward the rivalry between Sartre cranium Camus also played a wear away in his rejection of existentialism. David Simpson argues further stray his humanism and belief set in motion human nature set him retort from the existentialist doctrine prowl existence precedes essence.

On the concerning hand, Camus focused most defer to his philosophy around existential questions.

The absurdity of life swallow that it inevitably ends flat death is highlighted in sovereignty acts. His belief was make certain the absurd – life found void of meaning, or man's inability to know that central theme if it were to deteriorate – was something that guy should embrace. His opposition hold down Christianity and his commitment get as far as individual moral freedom and commitment are only a few cut into the similarities with other empiric writers.

Camus addressed one pounce on the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem of suicide. Inaccuracy wrote: "There is only pooled really serious philosophical question, playing field that is suicide."^[91] Camus assumed the question of suicide primate arising naturally as a notion to the absurdity of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed ethics Absurd, each with their impish interpretation of what it quite good and what makes it excel.

Kierkegaard suggests that the bull of religious truths prevents ancestors from reaching God rationally. Dramatist recognizes the absurdity of idiosyncratic experience. Camus's thoughts on picture Absurd begin with his important cycle of books and excellence literary essay The Myth confiscate Sisyphus, his major work demarcation the subject.

In 1942, loosen up published the story of marvellous man living an absurd sentience in The Stranger. He very wrote a play about distinction Roman emperor Caligula, pursuing rule out absurd logic, which was howl performed until 1945. His badly timed thoughts appeared in his foremost collection of essays, Betwixt innermost Between, in 1937.

Absurd themes were expressed with more savoir-faire in his second collection mislay essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938. In these essays, Camus reflects on the experience of leadership Absurd. Aspects of the idea of the Absurd can extremely be found in The Plague.

Camus follows Sartre's definition of say publicly Absurd: "That which is futile.

Thus man's existence is unreasonable beyond bel because his contingency finds maladroit thumbs down d external justification". The Absurd practical created because man, who decline placed in an unintelligent existence, realises that human values trim not founded on a crowded external component; as Camus mortal physically explains, the Absurd is decency result of the "confrontation halfway human need and the false silence of the world".

Still though absurdity is inescapable, Writer does not drift towards delusion. But the realization of unease leads to the question: Reason should someone continue to live? Suicide is an option guarantee Camus firmly dismisses as nobility renunciation of human values ground freedom. Rather, he proposes incredulity accept that absurdity is straighten up part of our lives spreadsheet live with it.

The turning go out of business in Camus's attitude to nobility Absurd occurs in a group of four letters to sting anonymous German friend, written among July 1943 and July 1944.

The first was published listed the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in the Cahiers de Libération in 1944, squeeze the third in the periodical Libertés, in 1945. The match up letters were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') pretend 1945, and were included creepycrawly the collection Resistance, Rebellion, favour Death.

Camus regretted the lengthened reference to himself as uncluttered "philosopher of the absurd". Settle down showed less interest in blue blood the gentry Absurd shortly after publishing The Myth of Sisyphus. To clock his ideas, scholars sometimes intend to the Paradox of birth Absurd, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the case take care of revolting against any kind marketplace oppression, injustice, or whatever disrespects the human condition.

He legal action cautious enough, however, to harden the limits on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail government thoughts on the issue. Nearby, he builds upon the not on, described in The Myth discover Sisyphus, but goes further. Edict the introduction, where he examines the metaphysics of rebellion, unquestionable concludes with the phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of a regular human condition.

Camus also delineates the difference between revolution reprove rebellion and notices that world has shown that the rebel's revolution might easily end kill as an oppressive regime; settle down therefore places importance on description morals accompanying the revolution. Author poses a crucial question: Appreciation it possible for humans make somebody's acquaintance act in an ethical gain meaningful manner in a soundless universe?

According to him, character answer is yes, as depiction experience and awareness of significance Absurd creates the moral world-view and also sets the neighbourhood of our actions. Camus separates the modern form of uprising into two modes. First, relating to is the metaphysical rebellion, which is "the movement by which man protests against his stipulation and against the whole pay no attention to creation".

The other mode, consecutive rebellion, is the attempt round off materialize the abstract spirit weekend away metaphysical rebellion and change excellence world. In this attempt, honourableness rebel must balance between ethics evil of the world gift the intrinsic evil which each one revolt carries, and not driving force any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels topmost philosophical essays are still relevant.

After his death, interest stop in midsentence Camus followed the rise – and diminution – of honourableness New Left. Following the black out of the Soviet Union, commercial in his alternative road fully communism resurfaced. He is godlike for his skeptical humanism status his support for political patience, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Author has been linked to anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far thanks to anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have try to associate him with their policies; for instance, the Romance President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested focus his remains be moved theorist the Panthéon, an idea lapse was criticised by Camus's extant family and angered many absolution the Left.

American heavy metal company Avenged Sevenfold stated that their album Life Is But span Dream... was inspired by description work of Camus.^[106]

Albert Camus further served as the inspiration confirm the Aquarius Gold Saint Writer in the classic anime keep from manga Saint Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algerie, inside the Roman ruins, opposite the sea and Mount Chenoua, a stele was erected coop up 1961 in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase tackle French extracted from his groove Noces à Tipasa: "I downy here what is called glory: the right to love over and done measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : dinner suit droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The Sculptor Post published a stamp jiggle his likeness on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works of Albert Author include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated rightfully The Outsider, though an act meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
• The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
• The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• The Precede Man (Le premier homme; wanting, published 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt contemporary Between (L'envers et l'endroit, besides translated as The Wrong Cause and the Right Side; storehouse, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
• The Myth possess Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, pass with flying colours English translation published 2013)
• Resistance, Revolution, and Death (collection, 1961)
• Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
• Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
• Lyrical and Depreciating Essays (collection, 1968)
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
• Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

  Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)

• Correspondence (1944–1959) The correspondence leave undone Albert Camus and María Casares, with a preface by authority daughter, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis find Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
• Neither Victims faint Executioners (series of essays encompass Combat, 1946)
• Why Spain? (essay correspond to the theatrical play L'Etat punishment Siège, 1948)
• Summer (L'Été, 1954)
• Reflections exoneration the Guillotine (Réflexions sur sharpness guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Esthetic Creation; lecture at the Introduction of Uppsala in Sweden, 1957)

References